Choosing Elevators for Buildings: Key Technical Issues You Must Know

Technical Issues in Choosing Elevators for Buildings

Factors to Consider When Choosing Elevators For Buildings

1. Building Type and Usage

The type and usage of the building significantly influence the choice of elevators. For instance, a residential building with limited traffic may require a different elevator type compared to a commercial building with high traffic. Understanding the specific needs and usage patterns will help in selecting an elevator that ensures efficiency and convenience.

2. Number of Floors

The number of floors in the building is a crucial factor. Hydraulic elevators are suitable for low-rise buildings, while traction elevators are ideal for mid- to high-rise buildings. For very tall skyscrapers, gearless traction elevators are the best option due to their speed and efficiency.

3. Passenger Load and Traffic Patterns

Assessing the expected passenger load and traffic patterns is vital. High-traffic buildings, such as office complexes and shopping malls, require elevators that can handle frequent use without significant wait times. In such cases, installing multiple elevators or high-capacity models may be necessary.

4. Space Availability

Space constraints within the building can influence the type of elevator chosen. Machine Room-Less (MRL) elevators are an excellent option for buildings with limited space as they do not require a dedicated machine room. Additionally, the size of the elevator shaft and the available overhead space should be considered during the planning phase.

5. Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency is becoming an increasingly important factor in elevator selection. Modern elevators come with various energy-saving features, such as regenerative drives, LED lighting, and sleep modes. Investing in an energy-efficient elevator can reduce operational costs and contribute to the building’s overall sustainability.

6. Safety Features

Safety is paramount when choosing an elevator. Look for elevators that comply with local safety regulations and standards. Essential safety features include emergency braking systems, door sensors, backup power supplies, and communication systems for emergencies.

7. Aesthetic and Design Considerations

Elevators can significantly impact the aesthetic appeal of a building. Choose an elevator design that complements the building’s architecture and interior decor. Customizable options, such as cabin materials, lighting, and control panels, allow for a personalized touch that enhances the overall ambiance.

8. Maintenance and Service

Consistent upkeep is essential for ensuring the efficient performance and extended lifespan of elevators. Consider the availability and cost of maintenance services when choosing an elevator. Opt for manufacturers or suppliers with a good reputation for providing reliable after-sales support and maintenance services.

9. Budget Constraints

Budget considerations play a significant role in shaping the selection process. While it is important to choose an elevator that meets all requirements, it should also fit within the allocated budget. Compare different models and suppliers to find an elevator that offers the best value for money without compromising on quality or safety.

Main Parameters Determining Conveying Capacity: Number, Carrying Capacity, and Speed

It’s crucial that elevators don’t prolong their journey to the lobby, ideally taking no more than 2–3 minutes. A rough estimate suggests elevators should complete the journey from the ground floor to the top floor within 45–60 seconds. Waiting and boarding times should be minimized to meet passenger expectations. Ideally, waiting time should be under 30 seconds, and boarding time should be under 90 seconds. It’s important not to overly focus on speed. High-speed elevators do not always equate to increased efficiency, especially in buildings with many stops. Technologies like direct stop, early door opening, and quick closing can significantly reduce overall travel time by improving efficiency at each stop.

Technical Performance: Reliability, Advancement, and Comfort

Based on statistical research, reliability refers to the elevator’s constant functioning throughout time. A reliable elevator is characterized by few faults and straightforward maintenance procedures. Crucial safety components like speed limiters and safety touch panels should remain operational without failure. Technological advancements in drag and control, like vector-controlled frequency modulation (VVVF) and computer-based logic control systems, have improved elevator performance and intelligence. Comfort focuses on aspects like acceleration, vibration, noise, decoration, and lighting, aiming to provide a pleasant riding experience. Reliability is the most critical factor in selecting an elevator. According to national standard GB10058, a qualified elevator should operate 60,000 times with fewer than five faults. Comfort is also important, but it should not overshadow other technical aspects.

Drag Control Modes: AC Two-Speed, Voltage Regulation, and Frequency Modulation

Efficient elevator speed control is essential for ensuring a comfortable journey. DC motors provide precise speed regulation but demand considerable maintenance efforts. On the other hand, AC asynchronous motors offer a simpler and more dependable alternative. For low-speed elevators, AC two-speed control is often employed, while medium-speed elevators commonly utilize voltage regulation (ACVV) systems. This method adjusts motor torque to control speed and acceleration, making it the dominant technology for domestic elevators.

Signal Control Methods: Relays, PCs, and Microcomputers

Elevators use signal control to manage calls and floor registrations. Initially, this task was handled manually by drivers, later transitioning to logic circuits, and now, it’s managed by programmable controllers (PCs) and microcomputers. Contemporary elevators employ sophisticated scheduling algorithms and utilize technologies such as serial communication and network control, enhancing both reliability and efficiency.

Unpredictable Motions or Pauses

Sudden stops or irregular movements can raise alarm and pose potential dangers. These issues often stem from mechanical malfunctions or deficiencies in the control system. It’s imperative to promptly seek professional evaluation and repair to ensure safety and maintain reliability.

Being Overheated

Even though it happens less frequently, overheating elevator machinery is a serious risk, especially when it comes to hydraulic elevators. Excessive usage, insufficient ventilation, or mechanical malfunctions are some of the contributing factors to this issue. To mitigate these risks and ensure the elevator operates safely, it’s imperative to prioritize proper ventilation and adhere to regular maintenance schedules.

Hydraulic Elevators: A Special Consideration

Hydraulic elevators provide seamless movement by regulating the flow of oil to elevate or descend the car. They prove optimal for structures with minimal height (up to six floors) and substantial cargo. They require less space for machine rooms and are safer but are limited in speed and height. Hydraulic elevators are suitable for retrofitting old buildings or installing in small residential buildings.

Conclusion

Selecting the appropriate elevator entails striking a balance between factors such as capacity, dependability, technological innovations, passenger comfort, and the unique needs of the building. By considering these factors, investors and designers can make informed decisions that enhance the functionality and user experience of their buildings.

FAQs

1. What is the best type of elevator for a high-rise building?

Traction elevators, especially gearless traction elevators, are the best choice for high-rise buildings due to their speed and efficiency.

2. How do I determine the right capacity for my building’s elevator?

Assess the peak usage times and ensure the elevator can handle the maximum passenger load during these periods. Aim for a capacity that meets the peak period demand within five minutes.

3. Are hydraulic elevators suitable for tall buildings?

No, hydraulic elevators are best suited for low-rise buildings (up to six floors), as they are slower and less efficient for taller structures.

4. What safety features should I look for in an elevator?

Key safety features include emergency braking systems, door sensors, backup power supplies, and communication systems for emergencies.

5. How important is elevator maintenance?

Frequent maintenance is vital to guaranteeing the seamless functioning and durability of elevators. Choose a manufacturer or supplier with a good reputation for reliable maintenance services.

6. Can I retrofit an old building with a new elevator?

Yes, hydraulic elevators are particularly suitable for retrofitting old buildings due to their space-efficient design and smooth operation.